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# NGC 3631

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 Scale Heights of Non-Edge-on Spiral GalaxiesWe present a method of calculating the scale height of non-edge-onspiral galaxies, together with a formula for errors. The method is basedon solving Poisson's equation for a logarithmic disturbance of matterdensity in spiral galaxies. We show that the spiral arms can not extendto inside the forbidden radius'' r0, due to the effect ofthe finite thickness of the disk. The method is tested by re-calculatingthe scale heights of 71 northern spiral galaxies previously calculatedby Ma, Peng & Gu. Our results differ from theirs by less than 9%. Wealso present the scale heights of a further 23 non-edge-on spiralgalaxies. Magnetic Fields in Starburst Galaxies and the Origin of the FIR-Radio CorrelationWe estimate minimum energy magnetic fields (Bmin) for asample of galaxies with measured gas surface densities, spanning morethan four orders of magnitude in surface density, from normal spirals toluminous starbursts. We show that the ratio of the minimum energymagnetic pressure to the total pressure in the ISM decreasessubstantially with increasing surface density. For the ultraluminousinfrared galaxy Arp 220, this ratio is ~10-4. Therefore, ifthe minimum energy estimate is applicable, magnetic fields in starburstsare dynamically weak compared to gravity, in contrast to normalstar-forming spiral galaxies. We argue, however, that rapid cooling ofrelativistic electrons in starbursts invalidates the minimum energyestimate. We assess a number of independent constraints on the magneticfield strength in starburst galaxies. In particular, we argue that theexistence of the FIR-radio correlation implies that the synchrotroncooling timescale for cosmic-ray electrons is much shorter than theirescape time from the galactic disk; this in turn implies that the truemagnetic field in starbursts is significantly larger thanBmin. The strongest argument against such large fields isthat one might expect starbursts to have steep radio spectra indicativeof strong synchrotron cooling, which is not observed. However, we showthat ionization and bremsstrahlung losses can flatten the nonthermalspectra of starburst galaxies even in the presence of rapid cooling,providing much better agreement with observed spectra. We furtherdemonstrate that ionization and bremsstrahlung losses are likely to beimportant in shaping the radio spectra of most starbursts at GHzfrequencies, thereby preserving the linearity of the FIR-radiocorrelation. We thus conclude that magnetic fields in starbursts aresignificantly larger than Bmin. We highlight severalobservations that can test this conclusion. Low-Luminosity Active Galaxies and Their Central Black HolesCentral black hole masses for 117 spiral galaxies representingmorphological stages S0/a through Sc and taken from the largespectroscopic survey of Ho et al. are derived using Ks-banddata from the Two Micron All Sky Survey. Black hole masses are foundusing a calibrated black hole-Ks bulge luminosity relation,while bulge luminosities are measured by means of a two-dimensionalbulge-disk decomposition routine. The black hole masses are correlatedagainst a variety of parameters representing properties of the nucleusand host galaxy. Nuclear properties such as line width (FWHM [N II]), aswell as emission-line ratios (e.g., [O III]/Hβ, [O I]/Hα, [NII]/Hα, and [S II]/Hα), show a very high degree ofcorrelation with black hole mass. The excellent correlation with linewidth supports the view that the emission-line gas is in virialequilibrium with either the black hole or bulge potential. The very goodemission-line ratio correlations may indicate a change in ionizingcontinuum shape with black hole mass in the sense that more massiveblack holes generate harder spectra. Apart from theinclination-corrected rotational velocity, no excellent correlations arefound between black hole mass and host galaxy properties. Significantdifferences are found between the distributions of black hole masses inearly-, mid-, and late-type spiral galaxies (subsamples A, B, and C) inthe sense that early-type galaxies have preferentially larger centralblack holes, consistent with observations that Seyfert galaxies arefound preferentially in early-type systems. The line width distributionsshow a marked difference among subsamples A, B, and C in the sense thatearlier type galaxies have larger line widths. There are also cleardifferences in line ratios between subsamples A+B and C that likely arerelated to the level of ionization in the gas. Finally, aKs-band Simien & de Vaucouleurs diagram shows excellentagreement with the original B-band relation, although there is a largedispersion at a given morphological stage. The structure of galactic disks. Studying late-type spiral galaxies using SDSSUsing imaging data from the SDSS survey, we present the g' and r' radialstellar light distribution of a complete sample of ~90 face-on tointermediate inclined, nearby, late-type (Sb-Sdm) spiral galaxies. Thesurface brightness profiles are reliable (1 σ uncertainty lessthan 0.2 mag) down to μ27 mag/''. Only ~10% of all galaxies havea normal/standard purely exponential disk down to our noise limit. Thesurface brightness distribution of the rest of the galaxies is betterdescribed as a broken exponential. About 60% of the galaxies have abreak in the exponential profile between  1.5-4.5 times thescalelength followed by a downbending, steeper outer region. Another~30% shows also a clear break between  4.0-6.0 times thescalelength but followed by an upbending, shallower outer region. A fewgalaxies have even a more complex surface brightness distribution. Theshape of the profiles correlates with Hubble type. Downbending breaksare more frequent in later Hubble types while the fraction of upbendingbreaks rises towards earlier types. No clear relation is found betweenthe environment, as characterised by the number of neighbours, and theshape of the profiles of the galaxies. Observational manifestation of chaos in spiral galaxies: quantitative analysis and qualitative explanation.Not Available Structure and star formation in disk galaxies. III. Nuclear and circumnuclear Hα emissionFrom Hα images of a carefully selected sample of 57 relativelylarge, Northern spiral galaxies with low inclination, we study thedistribution of the Hα emission in the circumnuclear and nuclearregions. At a resolution of around 100 parsec, we find that the nuclearHα emission in the sample galaxies is often peaked, andsignificantly more often so among AGN host galaxies. The circumnuclearHα emission, within a radius of two kpc, is often patchy inlate-type, and absent or in the form of a nuclear ring in early-typegalaxies. There is no clear correlation of nuclear or circumnuclearHα morphology with the presence or absence of a bar in the hostgalaxy, except for the nuclear rings which occur in barred hosts. Thepresence or absence of close bright companion galaxies does not affectthe circumnuclear Hα morphology, but their presence does correlatewith a higher fraction of nuclear Hα peaks. Nuclear rings occur inat least 21% (±5%) of spiral galaxies, and occur predominantly ingalaxies also hosting an AGN. Only two of our 12 nuclear rings occur ina galaxy which is neither an AGN nor a starburst host. We confirm thatweaker bars host larger nuclear rings. The implications of these resultson our understanding of the occurrence and morphology of massive starformation, as well as non-stellar activity, in the central regions ofgalaxies are discussed. Star Formation and the Kinematics of Gas in the Disk of NGC 628The radial profile of the star-formation rate (SFR) in the galaxy NGC628 is shown to be modulated by a spiral-density wave. The radialprofile of the velocity of gas inflow into the spiral arm is similar tothe radial distribution of the surface density of the SFR. The positionof the corotation resonance is determined along with other parameters ofthe spiral-density wave via a Fourier analysis of the azimuthaldistribution of the observed radial velocities in annular zones of thedisk of NGC 628. The radial profile of the surface density of the SFR isdetermined using the empirical SFRlinear size relation forstar-formation complexes (giant HII regions) and measurements of thecoordinates, Hα fluxes, and the sizes of HII regions in NGC 628. Companions to Isolated Elliptical Galaxies: Revisiting the Bothun-Sullivan SampleWe investigate the number of physical companion galaxies for a sample ofrelatively isolated elliptical galaxies. The NASA/IPAC ExtragalacticDatabase (NED) has been used to reinvestigate the incidence of satellitegalaxies for a sample of 34 elliptical galaxies, first investigated byBothun & Sullivan using a visual inspection of Palomar Sky Surveyprints out to a projected search radius of 75 kpc. We have repeatedtheir original investigation using data cataloged in NED. Nine of theseelliptical galaxies appear to be members of galaxy clusters; theremaining sample of 25 galaxies reveals an average of +1.0+/-0.5apparent companions per galaxy within a projected search radius of 75kpc, in excess of two equal-area comparison regions displaced by 150-300kpc. This is significantly larger than the +0.12+/-0.42companions/galaxy found by Bothun & Sullivan for the identicalsample. Making use of published radial velocities, mostly availablesince the completion of the Bothun-Sullivan study, identifies thephysical companions and gives a somewhat lower estimate of +0.4companions per elliptical galaxy. This is still 3 times larger than theoriginal statistical study, but given the incomplete and heterogeneousnature of the survey redshifts in NED, it still yields a firm lowerlimit on the number (and identity) of physical companions. An expansionof the search radius out to 300 kpc, again restricted to sampling onlythose objects with known redshifts in NED, gives another lower limit of4.5 physical companions per galaxy. (Excluding five elliptical galaxiesin the Fornax Cluster, this average drops to 3.5 companions perelliptical.) These physical companions are individually identified andlisted, and the ensemble-averaged radial density distribution of theseassociated galaxies is presented. For the ensemble, the radial densitydistribution is found to have a falloff consistent withρ~R-0.5 out to approximately 150 kpc. For non-FornaxCluster companions the falloff continues out to the 300 kpc limit of thesurvey. The velocity dispersion of these companions is found to reach amaximum of 350 km s-1 at around 120 kpc, after which theyfall at a rate consistent with Keplerian falloff. This falloff may thenindicate the detection of a cut-off in the mass-density distribution inthe elliptical galaxies' dark matter halo at ~100 kpc. The Evolution of Disk Galaxies in the GOODS-South Field: Number Densities and Size DistributionWe examine the evolution of the sizes and number densities of diskgalaxies using the high-resolution images obtained by the GreatObservatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) with the Advanced Camera forSurveys on the Hubble Space Telescope. The multiwavelength images areused to classify galaxies based on their rest-frame B-band morphologiesout to redshift z~1.25. In order to minimize the effect of selectionbiases, we confine our analysis to galaxies that occupy the region ofthe magnitude-size plane where the survey is ~90% complete at allredshifts. The observed size distribution is consistent with a lognormaldistribution as seen for the disk galaxies in the local universe anddoes not show any significant evolution over the redshift range0.25<=z<=1.25. We find that the number densities of disk galaxiesremains fairly constant over this redshift range, although a modestevolution by a factor of 4 may be possible within the 2 σuncertainties.Based on observations obtained with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope,which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research inAstronomy (AURA), Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. A New Nonparametric Approach to Galaxy Morphological ClassificationWe present two new nonparametric methods for quantifying galaxymorphology: the relative distribution of the galaxy pixel flux values(the Gini coefficient or G) and the second-order moment of the brightest20% of the galaxy's flux (M20). We test the robustness of Gand M20 to decreasing signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and spatialresolution and find that both measures are reliable to within 10% forimages with average S/N per pixel greater than 2 and resolutions betterthan 1000 and 500 pc, respectively. We have measured G andM20, as well as concentration (C), asymmetry (A), andclumpiness (S) in the rest-frame near-ultraviolet/optical wavelengthsfor 148 bright local normal'' Hubble-type galaxies (E-Sd) galaxies, 22dwarf irregulars, and 73 0.05 Inner-truncated Disks in GalaxiesWe present an analysis of the disk brightness profiles of 218 spiral andlenticular galaxies. At least 28% of disk galaxies exhibit innertruncations in these profiles. There are no significant trends oftruncation incidence with Hubble type, but the incidence among barredsystems is 49%, more than 4 times that for nonbarred galaxies. However,not all barred systems have inner truncations, and not allinner-truncated systems are currently barred. Truncations represent areal dearth of disk stars in the inner regions and are not an artifactof our selection or fitting procedures nor the result of obscuration bydust. Disk surface brightness profiles in the outer regions are wellrepresented by simple exponentials for both truncated and nontruncateddisks. However, truncated and nontruncated systems have systematicallydifferent slopes and central surface brightness parameters for theirdisk brightness distributions. Truncation radii do not appear tocorrelate well with the sizes or brightnesses of the bulges. Thissuggests that the low angular momentum material apparently missing fromthe inner disk was not simply consumed in forming the bulge population.Disk parameters and the statistics of bar orientations in our sampleindicate that the missing stars of the inner disk have not simply beenredistributed azimuthally into bar structures. The sharpness of thebrightness truncations and their locations with respect to othergalactic structures suggest that resonances associated with diskkinematics, or tidal interactions with the mass of bulge stars, might beresponsible for this phenomenon. Properties of isolated disk galaxiesWe present a new sample of northern isolated galaxies, which are definedby the physical criterion that they were not affected by other galaxiesin their evolution during the last few Gyr. To find them we used thelogarithmic ratio, f, between inner and tidal forces acting upon thecandidate galaxy by a possible perturber. The analysis of thedistribution of the f-values for the galaxies in the Coma cluster leadus to adopt the criterion f ≤ -4.5 for isolated galaxies. Thecandidates were chosen from the CfA catalog of galaxies within thevolume defined by cz ≤5000 km s-1, galactic latitudehigher than 40o and declination ≥-2.5o. Theselection of the sample, based on redshift values (when available),magnitudes and sizes of the candidate galaxies and possible perturberspresent in the same field is discussed. The final list of selectedisolated galaxies includes 203 objects from the initial 1706. The listcontains only truly isolated galaxies in the sense defined, but it is byno means complete, since all the galaxies with possible companions underthe f-criterion but with unknown redshift were discarded. We alsoselected a sample of perturbed galaxies comprised of all the diskgalaxies from the initial list with companions (with known redshift)satisfying f ≥ -2 and \Delta(cz) ≤500 km s-1; a totalof 130 objects. The statistical comparison of both samples showssignificant differences in morphology, sizes, masses, luminosities andcolor indices. Confirming previous results, we found that late spiral,Sc-type galaxies are, in particular, more frequent among isolatedgalaxies, whereas Lenticular galaxies are more abundant among perturbedgalaxies. Isolated systems appear to be smaller, less luminous and bluerthan interacting objects. We also found that bars are twice as frequentamong perturbed galaxies compared to isolated galaxies, in particularfor early Spirals and Lenticulars. The perturbed galaxies have higherLFIR/LB and Mmol/LB ratios,but the atomic gas content is similar for the two samples. The analysisof the luminosity-size and mass-luminosity relations shows similartrends for both families, the main difference being the almost totalabsence of big, bright and massive galaxies among the family of isolatedsystems, together with the almost total absence of small, faint and lowmass galaxies among the perturbed systems. All these aspects indicatethat the evolution induced by interactions with neighbors would proceedfrom late, small, faint and low mass Spirals to earlier, bigger, moreluminous and more massive spiral and lenticular galaxies, producing atthe same time a larger fraction of barred galaxies but preserving thesame relations between global parameters. The properties we found forour sample of isolated galaxies appear similar to those of high redshiftgalaxies, suggesting that the present-day isolated galaxies could bequietly evolved, unused building blocks surviving in low densityenvironments.Tables \ref{t1} and \ref{t2} are only available in electronic form athttp://www.edpsciences.org Deprojecting spiral galaxies using Fourier analysis. Application to the Frei sampleWe present two methods that can be used to deproject spirals, based onFourier analysis of their images, and discuss their potential andrestrictions. Our methods perform particularly well for galaxies moreinclined than 50° or for non-barred galaxies moreinclined than 35°. They are fast and straightforward touse, and thus ideal for large samples of galaxies. Moreover, they arevery robust for low resolutions and thus are appropriate for samples ofcosmological interest. The relevant software is available from us uponrequest. We use these methods to determine the values of the positionand inclination angles for a sample of 79 spiral galaxies contained inthe Frei et al. (\cite{frei96}) sample. We compare our results with thevalues found in the literature, based on other methods. We findstatistically very good agreementTable 7 is only available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymousftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/415/849 Disk-bulge decompositions of spiral galaxies in UBVRIA sample of 26 bright spiral galaxies (Btot < 12.7) withlow to medium inclination and without a bar was observed with UBVRIfilters. The CAFOS focal reducer camera at the Calar Alto 2.2 mtelescope was used. The surface-brightness distributions were fittedusing a 2-dimensional algorithm with corresponding functions for thedisk- and bulge-structure. For the disks an exponential function wasused, for the bulges a Sérsic Rβ law, was appliedwith the concentration parameter β = 1/n as another fit variable.Correlations of the resulting structural parameters of disks and bulgesin UBVRI are investigated, giving clues to the formation history of thebulges.We confirm that the large and bright bulges of early-type spirals aresimilar to elliptical galaxies. They were probably formed prior to thedisks in a monolithic collapse or via early mergers. Late-type spiralshave tiny and faint bulges with disk-like profiles. These bulges wereprobably formed after the disk in secular evolution processes, e.g. froma disk instability. The comparison of the color indices of correspondingspirals and bulges with population synthesis computations support aboveformation scenarios.Tables 2-4 are only available in electronic form at the CDS viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/415/63 Progress in the Study of Galaxies: Structures, Collective Phenomena and MethodsThe review contains the important achievements in dynamics of thegalactic disks. Among them there are I. New structures discoveredrecently: • giant vortices (including giant anticyclone in theSolar vicinity); • slow bar; • inner oscillating structurewithin spiral arms similar that of enveloped soliton; • chaoticstreamlines in the velocity field of the gaseous disk of a real galaxy.II. New collective phenomina discovered recently: • newoverreflection instability initiating ‘mini-spiral’ in theinnermost central parsec of Galaxy; • large-scale convection causedby nonlinear interaction of density wave with disk gas; •non-kolmogorovian spectrum of weak turbulence corresponding to theobserved one in the • Solar vicinity. III. New methods worked outrecently: • reconstruction of full three-dimensional vector fieldof gas velocity from the observed line-of- • sight velocity field;• observational test for verification of the wave-nature of thespiral arms; • observational test to distinguish two types ofvertical motions: warp and z-motions in the • density wave; •derivation of correct system of two-dimensional dynamical equations fromthe initial three- • dimensional one. Structure and star formation in disc galaxies - I. Sample selection and near-infrared imagingWe present near-infrared imaging of a sample of 57 relatively large,northern spiral galaxies with low inclination. After describing theselection criteria and some of the basic properties of the sample, wegive a detailed description of the data collection and reductionprocedures. The Ksλ= 2.2-μm images cover most ofthe disc for all galaxies, with a field of view of at least 4.2 arcmin.The spatial resolution is better than 1 arcsec for most images. We fitbulge and exponential disc components to radial profiles of the lightdistribution. We then derive the basic parameters of these components,and the bulge/disc ratio, and explore correlations of these parameterswith several galaxy parameters. The Relationship between Stellar Light Distributions of Galaxies and Their Formation HistoriesA major problem in extragalactic astronomy is the inability todistinguish in a robust, physical, and model-independent way how galaxypopulations are physically related to each other and to their formationhistories. A similar, but distinct, and also long-standing question iswhether the structural appearances of galaxies, as seen through theirstellar light distributions, contain enough physical information tooffer this classification. We argue through the use of 240 images ofnearby galaxies that three model-independent parameters measured on asingle galaxy image reveal its major ongoing and past formation modesand can be used as a robust classification system. These parametersquantitatively measure: the concentration (C), asymmetry (A), andclumpiness (S) of a galaxy's stellar light distribution. When combinedinto a three-dimensional CAS'' volume all major classes of galaxies invarious phases of evolution are cleanly distinguished. We argue thatthese three parameters correlate with important modes of galaxyevolution: star formation and major merging activity. This is arguedthrough the strong correlation of Hα equivalent width andbroadband colors with the clumpiness parameter S, the uniquely largeasymmetries of 66 galaxies undergoing mergers, and the correlation ofbulge to total light ratios, and stellar masses, with the concentrationindex. As an obvious goal is to use this system at high redshifts totrace evolution, we demonstrate that these parameters can be measured,within a reasonable and quantifiable uncertainty with available data outto z~3 using the Hubble Space Telescope GOODS ACS and Hubble Deep Fieldimages. On the Spiral Structure of NGC 2915 and Dark MatterNGC 2915 is a blue compact dwarf galaxy embedded in an extended, lowsurface brightness H I disk exhibiting a two-armed spiral structure anda central barlike component. Commonly accepted mechanisms are unable toexplain the existence of these patterns, and Bureau et al. proposed diskdark matter (scaling with the H I distribution) or a rotating triaxialdark halo as alternative solutions. In an attempt to explore thesemechanisms, hydrodynamic simulations were run for each case and comparedto observations using customized column density and kinematicconstraints. The spiral structure can be accounted for by both an unseenbar or triaxial halo, the former fitting the observations slightlybetter. However, the large bar mass or halo pattern frequency requiredmake it unlikely that the spiral wave is driven by an externalperturber. In particular, the spin parameter λ is much higherthan predicted by current cold dark matter structure formationscenarios. The massive disk models show that when the observed gassurface density is scaled up by a factor about 10, the disk develops aspiral structure resembling closely the observed one, in perturbeddensity as well as perturbed velocity. This is consistent with morelimited studies in other galaxies and suggests that the disk of NGC 2915contains much more mass than is visible, tightly linked to the neutralhydrogen. A classic (quasi-)spherical halo is nevertheless stillrequired, as increasing the disk mass further to fit the circularvelocity curve would make the disk violently unstable. Scaling theobserved surface density profile by an order of magnitude brings thedisk and halo masses to comparable values within the disk radius. Thesurface density remains under Kennicutt's star formation threshold for agaseous disk, and no stars are expected to form, as required byobservations. H II Regions in Spiral Galaxies: Size Distribution, Luminosity Function, and New Isochrone Diagnostics of Density-Wave KinematicsWe investigate the relationship of the H II region luminosity function(H II LF) to the H II region size distribution and density-wavetriggering in grand-design spiral galaxies. We suggest that thedifferential nebular size distribution is described by a power lawapproximately of slope -4, with flattening at radii below ~130 pc. Thiscontrasts with the conventional exponential description, but it isphysically and quantitatively consistent with the typical observed valueof -2 for the H II LF slope. To study H II LF evolution, we havedeveloped an interactive code that computes spatial isochrones for theevolving loci of spiral density waves in disk galaxies. This allowscomparison of the nebular spatial distribution with the spatialisochrones for simple rotation curve parameters. Our comparisons forfour grand-design galaxies suggest that the corotation radiusrco coincides with the outer ends of the star-forming arms.This value for rco yields the best spatial correspondencebetween the H II regions and the isochrones and also appears to yield acoincidence between the inner Lindblad resonance with the radial onsetof star formation in the arms. Thus, we suggest that isochrones offer anew, simple, and effective technique for determining rco andthus the spiral pattern speed. However, application of the isochronesalso demonstrates that the evolution of the nebular population isdifficult to spatially isolate in these galaxies. The IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy SampleIRAS flux densities, redshifts, and infrared luminosities are reportedfor all sources identified in the IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample(RBGS), a complete flux-limited survey of all extragalactic objects withtotal 60 μm flux density greater than 5.24 Jy, covering the entiresky surveyed by IRAS at Galactic latitudes |b|>5°. The RBGS includes629 objects, with median and mean sample redshifts of 0.0082 and 0.0126,respectively, and a maximum redshift of 0.0876. The RBGS supersedes theprevious two-part IRAS Bright Galaxy Samples(BGS1+BGS2), which were compiled before the final(Pass 3) calibration of the IRAS Level 1 Archive in 1990 May. The RBGSalso makes use of more accurate and consistent automated methods tomeasure the flux of objects with extended emission. The RBGS contains 39objects that were not present in the BGS1+BGS2,and 28 objects from the BGS1+BGS2 have beendropped from RBGS because their revised 60 μm flux densities are notgreater than 5.24 Jy. Comparison of revised flux measurements forsources in both surveys shows that most flux differences are in therange ~5%-25%, although some faint sources at 12 and 25 μm differ byas much as a factor of 2. Basic properties of the RBGS sources aresummarized, including estimated total infrared luminosities, as well asupdates to cross identifications with sources from optical galaxycatalogs established using the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Inaddition, an atlas of images from the Digitized Sky Survey with overlaysof the IRAS position uncertainty ellipse and annotated scale bars isprovided for ease in visualizing the optical morphology in context withthe angular and metric size of each object. The revised bolometricinfrared luminosity function, φ(Lir), forinfrared-bright galaxies in the local universe remains best fit by adouble power law, φ(L)~Lα, withα=-0.6(+/-0.1) and α=-2.2(+/-0.1) below and above thecharacteristic'' infrared luminosityL*ir~1010.5Lsolar,respectively. A companion paper provides IRAS High Resolution (HIRES)processing of over 100 RBGS sources where improved spatial resolutionoften provides better IRAS source positions or allows for deconvolutionof close galaxy pairs. Galaxy classification using fractal signatureFractal geometry is becoming increasingly important in the study ofimage characteristics. For recognition of regions and objects in naturalscenes, there is always a need for features that are invariant and theyprovide a good set of descriptive values for the region. There are manyfractal features that can be generated from an image. In this paper,fractal signatures of nearby galaxies are studied with the aim ofclassifying them. The fractal signature over a range of scales proved tobe an efficient feature set with good discriminating power. Classifierswere designed using nearest neighbour method and neural networktechnique. Using the nearest distance approach, classification rate wasfound to be 92%. By the neural network method it has been found toincrease to 95%. Observational Manifestation of Chaos in the Gaseous Disk of the Grand Design Spiral Galaxy NGC 3631The main goal of the paper is to demonstrate the presence of chaotictrajectories in the gaseous disk of a real spiral galaxy. As an examplewe have chosen NGC 3631. First, we show the stationarity of the 3-Dvelocity field restored from the observed line-of-sight velocity fieldof the gaseous disk. That allows to analyse behaviour of thetrajectories of the fluid particles (gas clouds) in the disk,calculating the corresponding observed streamlines. We estimate theLyapunov characteristic numbers using their independence of the metricsand show the existence of chaotic trajectories outside the vorticeswhich are present in the velocity field, and in the vicinity of thesaddle point. Related spectra of the stretching numbers for sometrajectories are also calculated. Density Bounding in the H II Regions of Galactic Disks: Evidence and ConsequencesWe present four lines of evidence leading to the conclusion that anotable fraction of the ionizing photon emission from the stars within HII regions in the disks of normal galaxies escapes from the regions intothe surrounding galaxy and beyond. These are: (1) The surface brightnessintensity distribution of the diffuse ensuremath {{Hα }} emitted bya disk galaxy is well modeled by assuming that the Lyman continuumproducing it leaks from the H II regions. (2) The relation of thecentral ensuremath {{Hα }} surface brightness to total luminosity ofan H II region departs from the predictions of uniform ionizationbounded systems. (3) The ensuremath {{Hα }} luminosity function ofcomplete H II region populations shows a break whose parameters areexplicable using the density bounding hypothesis, but not via competinghypotheses. (4) The relation between the ensuremath {{Hα }} internalvelocity half-width and luminosity for H II regions is naturallyexplained via density bounding. A fractally clumpy cloud structure, anda simple law relating the mass of the most luminous star in a youngcluster to the mass of its placental gas cloud give model parameterswhich can account for the observations. We show how the fraction of theLyc escaping from leaky H II regions which finally completely escapesthe galactic disks can ionize large volumes of the ultra-low densityintracluster gas around galaxies. Radial mixing in galactic discsWe show that spiral waves in galaxy discs churn the stars and gas in amanner that largely preserves the overall angular momentum distributionand leads to little increase in random motion. Changes in the angularmomenta of individual stars are typically as large as ~50 per cent overthe lifetime of the disc. The changes are concentrated around thecorotation radius for an individual spiral wave, but since transientwaves with a wide range of pattern speeds develop in rapid succession,the entire disc is affected. This behaviour has profound consequencesfor the metallicity gradients with radius in both stars and gas, sincethe interstellar medium is also stirred by the same mechanism. We findobservational support for stirring, propose a simple model for thedistribution of stars over metallicity and age, and discuss otherpossible consequences. Quarter-turn spirals just beyond the principal arms of galaxiesObservations in the optical show that grand design spirals consist of aset of principal arms and characteristic near-circular extensions thatcan be described as quarter-turn spirals. Arguments are presented infavour of the idea that the latter set of spirals is merely caused bythe response of the material of the disc to the gravitational potentialof the main spiral arms. How the most highly luminous H II regions in galaxies ionize the interstellar and intergalactic media.Not Available Bar Strengths in Galaxies as Measured from INGRID ImagesWe describe results from our study of a sample of spiral galaxies of awide range of Hubble types on the basis of near-IR imaging obtained withINGRID on the WHT. We focus on the determination of bar torques, or barstrengths, from our images, and show that this bar strength only veryweakly correlates with de Vaucouleurs bar type, or with bar axis ratio. Nonresonance Spiral Responses in Disk GalaxiesThe behavior of the gravitational potential outside the region where themain spiral arms of galaxies are located is investigated. Thecharacteristic features of this behavior include nearly circularextensions of the main arms, which typically have an angular extent of90°. It is natural to interpret these quarter-turn spirals as theresponse of the galactic disk to the gravitational potential of the mainspiral arms. The theoretical models are supported by observational datafor the brightness distributions in both normal (NGC 3631) and barred(NGC 1365) galaxies. A Search for Active Galactic Nuclei in Sc Galaxies with H II SpectraWe have searched for nuclear radio emission from a statisticallycomplete sample of 40 Sc galaxies within 30 Mpc that are opticallyclassified as star-forming objects, in order to determine whether weakactive galactic nuclei might be present. Only three nuclear radiosources were detected, in NGC 864, NGC 4123, and NGC 4535. Thesegalaxies have peak 6 cm radio powers of ~1020 WHz-1 at arcsecond resolution, while upper limits of thenondetected galaxies typically range from 1018.4 to1020 W Hz-1. The three nuclear radio sources areall resolved and appear to have diffuse morphologies, with linear sizesof ~300 pc. This strongly indicates that circumnuclear star formationhas been detected in these three H II galaxies. Comparisons withprevious 20 cm Very Large Array (VLA) results for the detected galaxiesshow that the extended nuclear radio emission has a flat spectrum in twoobjects and is almost certainly generated by thermal emission from gasionized by young stars in the centers of those galaxies. The 6 cm radiopowers are comparable to predictions for thermal emission that are basedon the nuclear Hα luminosities and imply nuclear star formationrates of 0.08-0.8 Msolar yr-1, while thelow-resolution NRAO VLA Sky Survey implies galaxy-wide star formationrates of 0.3-1.0 Msolar yr-1 in stars above 5Msolar. In a few of the undetected galaxies, the upper limitsto the radio power are lower than predicted from the Hαluminosity, possibly because of overresolution of central star-formingregions. Although the presence of active nuclei powered by massive blackholes cannot be definitively ruled out, the present results suggest thatthey are likely to be rare in these late-type galaxies with H IIspectra. Identification and classification of galaxies using a biologically-inspired neutral networkRecognition/Classification of galaxies is an important issue in thelarge-scale study of the Universe; it is not a simple task. According toestimates computed from the Hubble Deep Field (HDF), astronomers predictthat the universe may potentially contain over 100 billion galaxies.Several techniques have been reported for the classification ofgalaxies. Parallel developments in the field of neural networks havecome to a stage that they can participate well in the recognition ofobjects. Recently, the Pulse-Coupled Neural Network (PCNN) has beenshown to be useful for image pre-processing. In this paper, we present anovel way to identify optical galaxies by presenting the images of thegalaxies to a hierarchical neural network involving two PCNNs. The imageis presented to the network to generate binary barcodes (one periteration) of the galaxies; the barcodes are unique to the inputgalactic image. In the current study, we exploit this property toidentify optical galaxies by comparing the signatures (binary barcode)from a corresponding database.
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