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# IC 1711

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 Properties of isolated disk galaxiesWe present a new sample of northern isolated galaxies, which are definedby the physical criterion that they were not affected by other galaxiesin their evolution during the last few Gyr. To find them we used thelogarithmic ratio, f, between inner and tidal forces acting upon thecandidate galaxy by a possible perturber. The analysis of thedistribution of the f-values for the galaxies in the Coma cluster leadus to adopt the criterion f ≤ -4.5 for isolated galaxies. Thecandidates were chosen from the CfA catalog of galaxies within thevolume defined by cz ≤5000 km s-1, galactic latitudehigher than 40o and declination ≥-2.5o. Theselection of the sample, based on redshift values (when available),magnitudes and sizes of the candidate galaxies and possible perturberspresent in the same field is discussed. The final list of selectedisolated galaxies includes 203 objects from the initial 1706. The listcontains only truly isolated galaxies in the sense defined, but it is byno means complete, since all the galaxies with possible companions underthe f-criterion but with unknown redshift were discarded. We alsoselected a sample of perturbed galaxies comprised of all the diskgalaxies from the initial list with companions (with known redshift)satisfying f ≥ -2 and \Delta(cz) ≤500 km s-1; a totalof 130 objects. The statistical comparison of both samples showssignificant differences in morphology, sizes, masses, luminosities andcolor indices. Confirming previous results, we found that late spiral,Sc-type galaxies are, in particular, more frequent among isolatedgalaxies, whereas Lenticular galaxies are more abundant among perturbedgalaxies. Isolated systems appear to be smaller, less luminous and bluerthan interacting objects. We also found that bars are twice as frequentamong perturbed galaxies compared to isolated galaxies, in particularfor early Spirals and Lenticulars. The perturbed galaxies have higherLFIR/LB and Mmol/LB ratios,but the atomic gas content is similar for the two samples. The analysisof the luminosity-size and mass-luminosity relations shows similartrends for both families, the main difference being the almost totalabsence of big, bright and massive galaxies among the family of isolatedsystems, together with the almost total absence of small, faint and lowmass galaxies among the perturbed systems. All these aspects indicatethat the evolution induced by interactions with neighbors would proceedfrom late, small, faint and low mass Spirals to earlier, bigger, moreluminous and more massive spiral and lenticular galaxies, producing atthe same time a larger fraction of barred galaxies but preserving thesame relations between global parameters. The properties we found forour sample of isolated galaxies appear similar to those of high redshiftgalaxies, suggesting that the present-day isolated galaxies could bequietly evolved, unused building blocks surviving in low densityenvironments.Tables \ref{t1} and \ref{t2} are only available in electronic form athttp://www.edpsciences.org Modelling the spectral energy distribution of galaxies. III. Attenuation of stellar light in spiral galaxiesWe present new calculations of the attenuation of stellar light fromspiral galaxies using geometries for stars and dust which can reproducethe entire spectral energy distribution from the ultraviolet (UV) to theFar-infrared (FIR)/submillimeter (submm) and can also account for thesurface brightness distribution in both the optical/Near-infrared (NIR)and FIR/submm. The calculations are based on the model of Popescu et al.(\cite{Popescu2000}), which incorporates a dustless stellar bulge, adisk of old stars with associated diffuse dust, a thin disk of youngstars with associated diffuse dust, and a clumpy dust componentassociated with star-forming regions in the thin disk. The attenuations,which incorporate the effects of multiple anisotropic scattering, arederived separately for each stellar component, and presented in the formof easily accessible polynomial fits as a function of inclination, for agrid in optical depth and wavelength. The wavelength range considered isbetween 912 {Å} and 2.2 μm, sampled such that attenuation canbe conveniently calculated both for the standard optical bands and forthe bands covered by GALEX. The attenuation characteristics of theindividual stellar components show marked differences between eachother. A general formula is given for the calculation of compositeattenuation, valid for any combination of the bulge-to-disk ratio andamount of clumpiness. As an example, we show how the optical depthderived from the variation of attenuation with inclination depends onthe bulge-to-disk ratio. Finally, a recipe is given for aself-consistent determination of the optical depth from theHα/Hβ line ratio.Tables \ref{tab4}-\ref{tab6} and Appendix A are only available inelectronic form at http://www.edpsciences.org } A catalogue and analysis of local galaxy ages and metallicitiesWe have assembled a catalogue of relative ages, metallicities andabundance ratios for about 150 local galaxies in field, group andcluster environments. The galaxies span morphological types from cD andellipticals, to late-type spirals. Ages and metallicities were estimatedfrom high-quality published spectral line indices using Worthey &Ottaviani (1997) single stellar population evolutionary models. Theidentification of galaxy age as a fourth parameter in the fundamentalplane (Forbes, Ponman & Brown 1998) is confirmed by our largersample of ages. We investigate trends between age and metallicity, andwith other physical parameters of the galaxies, such as ellipticity,luminosity and kinematic anisotropy. We demonstrate the existence of agalaxy age-metallicity relation similar to that seen for local galacticdisc stars, whereby young galaxies have high metallicity, while oldgalaxies span a large range in metallicities. We also investigate theinfluence of environment and morphology on the galaxy age andmetallicity, especially the predictions made by semi-analytichierarchical clustering models (HCM). We confirm that non-clusterellipticals are indeed younger on average than cluster ellipticals aspredicted by the HCM models. However we also find a trend for the moreluminous galaxies to have a higher [Mg/Fe] ratio than the lowerluminosity galaxies, which is opposite to the expectation from HCMmodels. Modelling the Dust Content of Spiral GalaxiesWe compare optical and near-infrared surface photometry of seven edge-onspiral galaxies with corresponding surface photometry calculated from arealistic model of spiral galaxies which takes into account bothabsorption and scattering by the interstellar dust. For the stars andthe dust in the disc we use exponential distributions in bothdirections, radially and perpendicular to the plane of the disc, whilethe de Vaucouleurs (R^1/4) profile is used for the description of thebulge. The effect of the spiral structure in the galactic discs is alsoexamined and it is found that the simple exponential disc model is ableto describe quite accurately the real galaxy. From this analysis we wereable to obtain some general conclusions, the most significant of whichare: 1) The face-on central optical depth is less than unity in alloptical bands, indicating that typical spiral galaxies like those wehave modelled would be completely transparent if they were to be seenface on. 2) The dust scale height is about half that of the stars, whichmeans that dust is more concentrated near the plane of the disc. 3) Thedust scale length is about 1.4 times larger than that of the stars anddust is more radially extended than the stars. 4) The gas-to-dust massratio calculated, with the dust mass derived from the model, is close tothe value derived for our Galaxy. 5) The derived extinction law matchesthe Galactic extinction law quite well, indicating a universal dustbehaviour. Modeling the spectral energy distribution of galaxies. II. Disk opacity and star formation in 5 edge-on spiralsUsing tools previously described and applied to the prototype galaxy NGC891, we model the optical to far-infrared spectral energy distributions(SED) of four additional edge-on spiral galaxies, namely NGC 5907, NGC4013, UGC 1082 and UGC 2048. Comparing the model predictions with IRASand, where available, sub-millimeter and millimeter observations, wedetermine the respective roles of the old and young stellar populationsin grain heating. In all cases, the young population dominates, with thecontribution of the old stellar population being at most 40%, aspreviously found for NGC 891. After normalization to the disk area, themassive star-formation rate (SFR) derived using our SED modelingtechnique, which is primarily sensitive to the non-ionizing ultravioletoutput from the young stellar population, lies in the range7*E-4-2*E-2 { M}sunyr-1kpc-2. This is consistent with normalized SFRsderived for face-on galaxies of comparable surface gas densities fromHalpha observations. Though the most active star-forminggalaxy of the five in absolute terms, NGC 891 is not an exceptionalsystem in terms of its surface density in SFR. Nearby Optical Galaxies: Selection of the Sample and Identification of GroupsIn this paper we describe the Nearby Optical Galaxy (NOG) sample, whichis a complete, distance-limited (cz<=6000 km s-1) andmagnitude-limited (B<=14) sample of ~7000 optical galaxies. Thesample covers 2/3 (8.27 sr) of the sky (|b|>20deg) andappears to have a good completeness in redshift (97%). We select thesample on the basis of homogenized corrected total blue magnitudes inorder to minimize systematic effects in galaxy sampling. We identify thegroups in this sample by means of both the hierarchical and thepercolation friends-of-friends'' methods. The resulting catalogs ofloose groups appear to be similar and are among the largest catalogs ofgroups currently available. Most of the NOG galaxies (~60%) are found tobe members of galaxy pairs (~580 pairs for a total of ~15% of objects)or groups with at least three members (~500 groups for a total of ~45%of objects). About 40% of galaxies are left ungrouped (field galaxies).We illustrate the main features of the NOG galaxy distribution. Comparedto previous optical and IRAS galaxy samples, the NOG provides a densersampling of the galaxy distribution in the nearby universe. Given itslarge sky coverage, the identification of groups, and its high-densitysampling, the NOG is suited to the analysis of the galaxy density fieldof the nearby universe, especially on small scales. Box- and peanut-shaped bulges. I. StatisticsWe present a classification for bulges of a complete sample of ~ 1350edge-on disk galaxies derived from the RC3 (Third Reference Catalogue ofBright Galaxies, de Vaucouleurs et al. \cite{rc3}). A visualclassification of the bulges using the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS) inthree types of b/p bulges or as an elliptical type is presented andsupported by CCD images. NIR observations reveal that dust extinctiondoes almost not influence the shape of bulges. There is no substantialdifference between the shape of bulges in the optical and in the NIR.Our analysis reveals that 45% of all bulges are box- and peanut-shaped(b/p). The frequency of b/p bulges for all morphological types from S0to Sd is > 40%. In particular, this is for the first time that such alarge frequency of b/p bulges is reported for galaxies as late as Sd.The fraction of the observed b/p bulges is large enough to explain theb/p bulges by bars. Partly based on observations collected at ESO/LaSilla (Chile), DSAZ/Calar Alto (Spain), and Lowell Observatory/Flagstaff(AZ/U.S.A.). Tables 6 and 7 are only available in electronic form at CDSvia anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html The QDOT all-sky IRAS galaxy redshift surveyWe describe the construction of the QDOT survey, which is publiclyavailable from an anonymous FTP account. The catalogue consists ofinfrared properties and redshifts of an all-sky sample of 2387 IRASgalaxies brighter than the IRAS PSC 60-μm completeness limit(S_60>0.6Jy), sparsely sampled at a rate of one-in-six. At |b|>10deg, after removing a small number of Galactic sources, the redshiftcompleteness is better than 98per cent (2086/2127). New redshifts for1401 IRAS sources were obtained to complete the catalogue; themeasurement and reduction of these are described, and the new redshiftstabulated here. We also tabulate all sources at |b|>10 deg with noredshift so far, and sources with conflicting alternative redshiftseither from our own work, or from published velocities. A list of 95ultraluminous galaxies (i.e. with L_60μm>10^12 L_solar) is alsoprovided. Of these, ~20per cent are AGN of some kind; the broad-lineobjects typically show strong Feii emission. Since the publication ofthe first QDOT papers, there have been several hundred velocity changes:some velocities are new, some QDOT velocities have been replaced by moreaccurate values, and some errors have been corrected. We also present anew analysis of the accuracy and linearity of IRAS 60-μm fluxes. Wefind that the flux uncertainties are well described by a combination of0.05-Jy fixed size uncertainty and 8per cent fractional uncertainty.This is not enough to cause the large Malmquist-type errors in the rateof evolution postulated by Fisher et al. We do, however, find marginalevidence for non-linearity in the PSC 60-μm flux scale, in the sensethat faint sources may have fluxes overestimated by about 5per centcompared with bright sources. We update some of the previous scientificanalyses to assess the changes. The main new results are as follows. (1)The luminosity function is very well determined overall but is uncertainby a factor of several at the very highest luminosities(L_60μm>5x10^12L_solar), as this is where the remainingunidentified objects are almost certainly concentrated. (2) Thebest-fitting rate of evolution is somewhat lower than our previousestimate; expressed as pure density evolution with density varying as(1+z)^p, we find p=5.6+/-2.3. Making a rough correction for the possible(but very uncertain) non-linearity of fluxes, we find p=4.5+/-2.3. (3)The dipole amplitude decreases a little, and the implied value of thedensity parameter, assuming that IRAS galaxies trace the mass, isΩ=0.9(+0.45, -0.25). (4) Finally, the estimate of density varianceon large scales changes negligibly, still indicating a significantdiscrepancy from the predictions of simple cold dark matter cosmogonies. Arcsecond Positions of UGC GalaxiesWe present accurate B1950 and J2000 positions for all confirmed galaxiesin the Uppsala General Catalog (UGC). The positions were measuredvisually from Digitized Sky Survey images with rms uncertaintiesσ<=[(1.2")2+(θ/100)2]1/2,where θ is the major-axis diameter. We compared each galaxymeasured with the original UGC description to ensure high reliability.The full position list is available in the electronic version only. Are spiral galaxies optically thin or thick?The opacity of spiral galaxies is examined by modelling the dust andstellar content of individual galaxies. The three dimensional model thatwe use assumes exponential distributions for the dust and the stars inthe disk, while the R(1/4) law is used to describe the bulge. In thismodel, both absorption and scattering by the dust are taken intoaccount. The model is applied to five late-type spiral galaxies (NGC4013, IC 2531, UGC 1082, NGC 5529 and NGC 5907) using their optical (andnear infrared for IC 2531) surface photometry. For these galaxies wehave determined the scalelengths and scaleheights of the stars and thedust in the disk, the bulge characteristics, the inclination angle andthe face-on optical depth. Computation of the dust masses, as well asthe extinction as a function of the wavelength, are also reported.Having analyzed a total of seven galaxies thus far, the five galaxiesmentioned above plus UGC 2048 and NGC 891 presented in (Xilouris et al.1997, 1998), we are able to draw some general conclusions, the mostsignificant of which are: 1) The face-on central optical depth is lessthan one in all optical bands, indicating that typical spiral galaxieslike the ones that we have modelled would be completely transparent ifthey were to be seen face-on. 2) The dust scaleheight is about half thatof the stars, which means that the dust is more concentrated near theplane of the disk. 3) The dust scalelength is about 1.4 times largerthan that of the stars and the dust is more radially extended than thestars. 4) The dust mass is found to be about an order of a magnitudemore than previously measured using the IRAS fluxes, indicating theexistence of a cold dust component. The gas-to-dust mass ratiocalculated is close to the value derived for our Galaxy. 5) The derivedextinction law matches quite well the Galactic extinction law,indicating a universal dust behaviour. Kinematics of the local universe. VII. New 21-cm line measurements of 2112 galaxiesThis paper presents 2112 new 21-cm neutral hydrogen line measurementscarried out with the meridian transit Nan\c cay radiotelescope. Amongthese data we give also 213 new radial velocities which complement thoselisted in three previous papers of this series. These new measurements,together with the HI data collected in LEDA, put to 6 700 the number ofgalaxies with 21-cm line width, radial velocity, and apparent diameterin the so-called KLUN sample. Figure 5 and Appendices A and B forcorresponding comments are available in electronic form at thehttp://www.edpsciences.com Spectroscopy of Edge-On SpiralsWe present HI line observations of \Ntot edge-on spiral galaxies,extracted from the Flat Galaxy Catalog of Karachentsev \etal (1993).Fluxes, systemic velocities and line widths are given for \Ndet detectedgalaxies, as well as search parameters for \Nnod undetected systems.Widths are corrected for instrumental broadening, smoothing,signal-to-noise and profile shape, and an estimate of the error on thewidth is given. When corrected for turbulent broadening and inclinationangle of the disks, the velocity widths presented here can provide theappropriate line width parameter needed to derive distances via theTully-Fisher relation. An image database. II. Catalogue between δ=-30deg and δ=70deg.A preliminary list of 68.040 galaxies was built from extraction of35.841 digitized images of the Palomar Sky Survey (Paper I). For eachgalaxy, the basic parameters are obtained: coordinates, diameter, axisratio, total magnitude, position angle. On this preliminary list, weapply severe selection rules to get a catalog of 28.000 galaxies, wellidentified and well documented. For each parameter, a comparison is madewith standard measurements. The accuracy of the raw photometricparameters is quite good despite of the simplicity of the method.Without any local correction, the standard error on the total magnitudeis about 0.5 magnitude up to a total magnitude of B_T_=17. Significantsecondary effects are detected concerning the magnitudes: distance toplate center effect and air-mass effect. Flat galaxy catalogueA systematic search for disklike edge-on-galaxies with a diameter largerthan a = 40 arcsec and a major-to-minor axis ratio a/b greater than 7was carried out by means of the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey and theESO/SERC survey. As a result, we present a new catalog of flat galaxies(FGC) containing 4455 objects and covering about 56 percent of the wholesky for the first time. The catalogue is assigned to study large-scalecosmic streamings and other problems of observational cosmology. A survey of the Pisces-Perseus supercluster. VI - The declination zone +15.5 deg to 21.5 degNew results are presented of Arecibo observations in the 21 cm line of765 galaxies with declinations between 15.5 deg and 21.5 deg, in thePisces-Perseus supercluster zone. If considered independently on theneighboring parts of sky, this region, to the South of the superclusterridge, shows significantly less evidence of structure on large scales inexcess of 30 Mpc, contrasting substantially with the characteristics ofthe declination zones immediately to the North. Observational Data for the Kinematics of the Local Universe - Part Two - Second Set of Radial Velocity MeasurementsThis paper is the second one in a series dedicated to the study of thekinematics of the local universe. It gives 361 new optical and radioredshifts measured at ESO, OHP and Nancay Observatories. Axial ratios of edge-on spiralsA diameter-limited sample of 888 normal Sa-Sc galaxies was compiled fromthe Uppsala General Catalog. New micrometer measures of the axial ratiosR of the disk components of 262 edge-on spirals in this sample were madeon copies of blue Palomar Sky Survey plates and calibrated againstphotometric standards. The distribution of isophotal axial ratios forthe whole sample was analyzed to give information on the true axialratios R0 of spiral disks. The mean value of logR0 is 0.95 +/- 0.03 and the dispersion about this mean is0.12 +/- 0.04. A similar mean value (0.90) was obtained from avolume-limited sub-sample of 348 spirals. The dispersion in logR0 is partly due to a dependence of R0 onmorphological type, and the mean value of log R0 for eachtype was estimated. Inclinations of 342 edge-on (R is greater than about3) spirals were determined from their isophotal axial ratios and types.No significant dependence of R0 on luminosity at each typewas found.
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