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Ultraviolet Survey of CO and H2 in Diffuse Molecular Clouds: The Reflection of Two Photochemistry Regimes in Abundance Relationships
We carried out a comprehensive far-UV survey of 12CO andH2 column densities along diffuse molecular Galactic sightlines. This sample includes new measurements of CO from HST spectraalong 62 sight lines and new measurements of H2 from FUSEdata along 58 sight lines. In addition, high-resolution optical datawere obtained at the McDonald and European Southern Observatories,yielding new abundances for CH, CH+, and CN along 42 sightlines to aid in interpreting the CO results. These new sight lines wereselected according to detectable amounts of CO in their spectra andprovide information on both lower density (<=100 cm-3) andhigher density diffuse clouds. A plot of logN(CO) versuslogN(H2) shows that two power-law relationships are neededfor a good fit of the entire sample, with a break located atlogN(CO,cm-2)=14.1 and logN(H2)=20.4,corresponding to a change in production route for CO in higher densitygas. Similar logarithmic plots among all five diatomic molecules revealadditional examples of dual slopes in the cases of CO versus CH (breakat logN=14.1, 13.0), CH+ versus H2 (13.1, 20.3),and CH+ versus CO (13.2, 14.1). We employ both analytical andnumerical chemical schemes in order to derive details of the molecularenvironments. In the denser gas, where C2 and CN moleculesalso reside, reactions involving C+ and OH are the dominantfactor leading to CO formation via equilibrium chemistry. In thelow-density gas, where equilibrium chemistry studies have failed toreproduce the abundance of CH+, our numerical analysis showsthat nonequilibrium chemistry must be employed for correctly predictingthe abundances of both CH+ and CO.
| New Estimates of the Solar-Neighborhood Massive Star Birthrate and the Galactic Supernova Rate
The birthrate of stars of masses >=10 Msolar is estimatedfrom a sample of just over 400 O3-B2 dwarfs within 1.5 kpc of the Sunand the result extrapolated to estimate the Galactic supernova ratecontributed by such stars. The solar-neighborhood Galactic-plane massivestar birthrate is estimated at ~176 stars kpc-3Myr-1. On the basis of a model in which the Galactic stellardensity distribution comprises a ``disk+central hole'' like that of thedust infrared emission (as proposed by Drimmel and Spergel), theGalactic supernova rate is estimated at probably not less than ~1 normore than ~2 per century and the number of O3-B2 dwarfs within the solarcircle at ~200,000.
| Local interstellar medium kinematics towards the Southern Coalsack and Chamaeleon-Musca dark clouds
We present the results of a spectroscopic programme aiming toinvestigate the kinematics of the local interstellar medium componentstowards the Southern Coalsack and Chamaeleon-Musca dark clouds. Theanalysis is based upon high-resolution (R~ 60000) spectra of theinterstellar Na I D absorption lines towards 63 B-type stars (d<= 500pc) selected to cover these clouds and the connecting area defined bythe Galactic coordinates: 308°>=l>= 294° and-22°<=b<= 5°. The radial velocities, column densities,velocity dispersions, colour excess and photometric distances to thestars are used to understand the kinematics and distribution of theinterstellar cloud components. The analysis indicates that theinterstellar gas is distributed in two extended sheet-like structurespermeating the whole area, one at d<= 60 pc and another around120-150 pc from the Sun. The nearby feature is approaching the localstandard of rest with an average radial velocity of -7 kms-1, has low average column density logNNaI~ 11.2cm-2 and velocity dispersion b~ 5 km s-1. The moredistant feature has column densities between 12.3 <=logNNaI<= 13.2, average velocity dispersion b~ 2.5 kms-1 and seems associated with the dust sheet observed towardsthe Coalsack, Musca and Chamaeleon direction. Its velocity is centredaround 0 km s-1, but there is a trend for increasing from -3km s-1 near b= 1° to 3 km s-1 near b=-18°.The nearby low column density feature indicates a general outflow fromthe Sco-Cen association, in agreement with several independent lines ofdata in the general searched direction. The dust and gas feature around120-150 pc seem to be part of an extended large-scale feature of similarkinematic properties, supposedly identified with the interaction zone ofthe Local and Loop I Bubbles. Assuming that the interface and thering-like volume of dense neutral matter that would have been formedduring the collision of the two bubbles have similar properties, ourresults suggest that the interaction zone between the bubbles is twistedand folded.
| Catalog of Galactic OB Stars
An all-sky catalog of Galactic OB stars has been created by extendingthe Case-Hamburg Galactic plane luminous-stars surveys to include 5500additional objects drawn from the literature. This work brings the totalnumber of known or reasonably suspected OB stars to over 16,000.Companion databases of UBVβ photometry and MK classifications forthese objects include nearly 30,000 and 20,000 entries, respectively.
| Ultra-high-resolution observations of CH in Southern Molecular Cloud envelopes
We present a mini-survey of ultrahigh-resolution spectroscopy (UHRS) ofCH towards three southern molecular cloud envelopes. The sightlines areselected to probe physically similar gas in different Galacticenvironments. With a velocity resolution of ~0.5kms-1(R=575000) these observations resolve most kinematic components of theabsorption lines. We do, however, detect one line component in the Lupusregion, which is not resolved and for which an upper limit ofb<0.3kms-1 is found. We find a correlation betweendistance of the absorbing gas from the Galactic mid-plane and thefractional abundance of CH. We show that this correlation can beexplained as being a result of a fall-off in the ultraviolet radiationfield intensity and propose that CH observations in carefully selectedsightlines might allow a mapping of the variations in the interstellarradiation field.
| Empirical temperature calibrations for early-type stars
Three temperature calibrations of suitable photometric quantities havebeen derived for O and B stars. A sample of 120 stars with reliableT(eff.) determinations has been used for establishing each calibration.The different calibrations have been critically discussed and compared.Temperature determinations for 1009 program stars have been obtainedwith an accuracy of the order of 10 percent.
| The distance and structure of the Coalsack. I - Photometric data
The results of UBV and H-beta photometry for 284 stars of spectral typesB to F located in the area of the dark cloud Coalsack are presented.Most of the present stars are brighter than 10.0 mag and are classifiedin the MK system of Houk and Cowley (1975). For each star, the bestvalues for the extinction and distance modulus are provided, withtypical estimated errors of + or - 0.08 mag for the extinction and + or- 0.32 mag for the distance modulus. Possible misclassifications andspectral peculiarities are noted for several of the stars.
| The Southern Coalsack - Extinction and distance
H-beta and uvby photometric observations are reported for 236 stars oftypes B, A, and F in the region of the Southern Coalsack. Data obtainedwith the 50-cm Stromgren Automatic Telescope at ESO are presented inextensive tables, graphs, and maps and characterized in detail. Threedistinct structures are identified: (1) a nearby region (d less than 200pc) dominated by stars in front of the Coalsack, with evidence of a verydiffuse feature; (2) an intermediate region (d = 200-1100 pc) with starsreddened by Coalsack dust and/or the ISM behind it; and (3) a distantregion (d = 1.1-3.0 kpc) in which the reddening of 22 early B starsimplies a color-excess lower limit of E(b-y) = 0.230 mag, consistentwith a 10,000-solar-mass cloud at d = 1.2 kpc. The average upper-limitdistance to the main Coalsack components is estimated as 180 + or - 26pc, with some material possibly as near as 120 pc.
| The volume filling factor of the infrared cirrus IS 0.2
The filling factor of the infrared cirrus in which luminous stars areembedded is estimated. The stars are assumed to be randomly situatedwith respect to the cirrus. A direct ratio of the number of stars withassociated cirrus emission to those which in principle could be detectedindicates that the cirrus filling factor is roughly 0.2.
| Stromgren and H-beta photometry of stars earlier than G0 in the Southern Coalsack direction
Four-color and H-beta photometry have been obtained for 236 starsearlier than G0 in order to study the color excess distribution in theSouthern Coalsack direction. The beta histogram of the stars reveals arelative absence of stars in the range of A4 to A9. The (b-y)distribution for B-type stars suggests the existence of three differenttypes of stars located at different distances.
| CCD measurements of visual binaries
CCD measurements of visual double stars were obtained with the ESO 1.5 mdanish reflector. All binaries observed are candidates for the HIPPARCOSInput Catalogue. More than 400 observations have been made in four clearnights. The accuracy obtained is comparable to the accuracy of thephotographic technique, but the observing and reduction times are oneorder of magnitude smaller.
| A study of visual double stars with early type primaries. IV Astrophysical data
Astrophysical parameters (MK class, color excess, absolute magnitude,distance, effective temperature, mass, and age) are derived fromcalibrations of the uvby-beta indices for the members of 253 doublestars with O or B type primaries and faint secondaries. The photometricspectral classification is compared to the MK classes, and the agreementis very good. The derived data together with spectroscopic and JHKL dataare used for deciding which pairs are likely to be physical and whichare optical, and it is shown that 98 (34 percent) of the secondaries arelikely to be members of physical systems. For 90 percent of the physicalpairs the projected separation between the components is less than25,000 AU. A majority of the physical secondaries are late-type stars,and 50 percent of them are contracting towards the zero-agemain-sequence. Also presented are new uvby-beta data for 43 secondariesand a computer program for determining astrophysical parameters fromuvby-beta data.
| Visual measurements of southern double stars
A double-star observing program is described which has been started atCordoba with a 30 cm refractor. Usually neglected Index Catalog ofVisual Double Stars (IDS) pairs south of -60 deg are selected forobservation, most of them having been measured only one or two timespreviously. A total of 174 micrometric observations of 78 wide pairs arepresented together with a few measurements of 9 double stars not foundin the IDS. Also reported is a list of 135 additional measurements of 26test stars. By comparison with all earlier observations, an estimate forthe personal equation has been made, which is applied in combinationwith catalogue proper motions to investigate the nature of many of thesepairs.
| A study of visual double stars with early type primaries. II - Photometric results
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1983A&AS...51..161L&db_key=AST
| A study of visual double stars with early type primaries. I - Spectroscopic results
Attention is given to spectral peculiarities found in data on thespectral classes of 486 stars in 254 visual doublet or multiplet systemswith O or B type primaries, in order to isolate a group of very youngstars that may serve for the study of early stellar evolutioncharacteristics. It is noted that the material contains a substantialfraction of secondaries that are likely to be physical, and that severalof these may be in the premain-sequence phase of stellar evolution, orhave reached the zero-age main sequence.
| Near-infrared observations of trapezium-type multiple systems Catalogue of observations and a new determination of the reddening law
Results are presented from a large scale near-infrared survey of smallsky areas of the Milky Way containing trapezium-type multiple starsystems located within young galactic clusters, H II regions or darknebulosities. Photometric maps at wavelength 2.2 microns complemented bybroadband JHKL photometry of the majority of the sources detected and ofthe star members of the systems were obtained. A number of randomlychosen comparison regions along the galactic plane were also mapped andthe results were also used, with recent semi-empirical models, todetermine the number of field stars expected for the program surveys.Analyses of the infrared two-color diagrams provide determinations ofthe values of the color excess ratios E(J-H)/E(H-K), E(H-K)/E(K-L) andE(J-K)/E(K-L). The resulting reddening law is found to differsignificantly from that in the direction of the Ophiuchus and Taurusdark clouds and possibly towards the Galactic Center.
| UBV Photometry of 500 Southern Stars [erratum: 1973MNSSA..32...48C]
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